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Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar was born on May 21, 1921 on Vaesha'Khii Pu'rn'ima', or Buddha Pu'rn'ima' (the day of the full moon of the lunar month). He was the fourth child in a family of eight. 8
He was a bright student who eventually went to Vidyasagar College in Calcutta, and it was here that his spiritual powers manifested. The story of his first disciple is said to have taken place when he was a freshman in college in 1939. One night Sarkar took his usual walk along the banks of the Ganges and sat down to rest and there went into a state of meditation. A man by the name of Kalicharan came up to him and tried to rob him. Sarkar acted very calmly and began to talk to Kalicharan and finally asked him if he was interested in changing his life. As Sarkar continued to talk, Kalicharan became captivated and ended up bathing in the river and becoming the first sadhaka (spiritual aspirant) initiated to the spiritual path by Sarkar. Kalicharan then changed his name to Kalikananda. This event occured on a full moon in August, Shra'van'ii Pu'rn'ima', and every year this date is celebrated. 9
In 1941 Sarkar passed the intermediate science exam and went to work on the railway where his father had worked. During this time before the establishment of the Ananda Marga Yoga Society, Sarkar built up a following. He was evidently able to look over his followers with his "omniscient power" and the ability to see whether they correctly observed yama and hiyama (the ten cardinal principles of morality). 10
In 1954 Sarkar told his senior sadhakas that he would be establishing a new organization and preparations went under way for the inauguration (by-laws and articles of association were drawn up), which would take place on January 1, 1955. On this date, Sarkar and his followers met at house 339 at the Rampur Rail Colony were he was instated as the organization's founder-president. The organization took the name of Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha, "The Society for the Propagation of Ananda Marga Ideology," which would be better known as the Ananda Marga Yoga Society. 11
The name "Ananda Marga" came from a relationship with saint Brghu. Saint Brghu had attained Brahma (infinite conciousness) after a long period of penance. From this infinite bliss, the universe and its entites were created. In this bliss (Ananda) everything flourishes and in the end everything also returns to Ananda and merges with it. Because of this, Ananda is the same as Brahma. 12
After the founding of Ananda Marga, Sarkar started to train missionaries to spread his teaching of "self-realization and service to humanity" (which became the motto of Ananda Marga) into India and the rest of the world, and in 1962 initiated the first monk (called Dada, meaning elder brother) of Ananda Marga. He followed this with the creation of an order of nuns (called Didis, meaning elder sister) in 1966. 13 In 1963, Sarkar established the Education Relief and Welfare Section (ERAWS) of Ananda Marga. ERAWS has created schools, colleges, homes for children, hospitals all over the world. 14 Sarkar also created the theory of PROUT (Progressive Utilization Theory) in 1959 which is a theory of how to end social and economic injustice in society and the world. 15
In December 1971 Sarkar was arrested and charged with murder which was later reduced to the charge of "abetment to murder" and had no trial for four years. When he finally had a trial he was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. After Indira Gandhi fell from power in 1978 he was granted a new trial and found innocent. Sarkar and Ananda Marga have sparked much controversy due to its political activism. In the early and mid- 1970s, the Indian government considered the organization a terrorist organization that taught its members ritual murder. He continued to work to expand his philosophy and also Ananda Marga to the rest of the world until his death in 1990. 16
Because Sakar's philosophy of "service to humanity" covers such a broad base of ideas, his organization is made up of numerous branches dedicated to different aspects that Ananda Marga focuses on, such as environmental awareness and disaster relief. Under environmental awareness, he used the term "Neo-Humanism" to define his belief that one should extend humanism to love for animals and plants as well as people. 17 With this belief, he established a global plant exchange program to save plant species around the world and also established animal sanctuaries around the world. Under disaster relief, Ananda Marga has created two organizations to help with disaster relief efforts. AMURT (Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team) and AMURTEL (Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team Ladies) were created in 1965 and 1977 respectively.
AMURT was first founded to help victims of the numerous floods in India but has eventually expanded globally to 80 countries. Each sector is independent (choice of projects and obtaining funds) but can obtain technical help from other sectors. In each country that AMURT exists, it not only helps with disaster relief but also works with helping to develop the country. They follow the method called "co-operative development" which is when workers of AMURT work with the people to help improve their situation through construction, agriculture, and water preservation. It also participates in social programs such as owning and running schools, renovating schools, training teachers, running children's homes, and providing medical aid. 18
AMURTEL is the sister organization of AMURT and is geared toward the specific needs of women and their families and is also run by women. AMURTEL provides medical care for pregnant and nursing mothers, helps educate women in home industry such as tailoring, handicraft, and commerical food production, and also promotes effective birth control. AMURTEL also sets up relief and refugee camps, distributes food, medicine and clothing, provides cheap kitchens and nutrition classes, and aids underprivledged children by running low tuition schools. It also sponsors homes and halfway houses for children, the elderly, the hadicapped, battered women, and also run cheap hostels for underprivledged students. 19
Today, Ananda Marga is a worldwide organization with centers in over 160 countries, including the United States. 20
The ideology of the group is universal and it stresses the unity of human society. Criticizing religions and other spiritual paths is strongly discouraged and the group has a strong committment to bring progress to the whole of human society (and other creatures) by doing service to the suffering in all kinds of ways. To this effect, Sakar created organizations such as AMURT, AMURTEL, and the philosophy of PROUT to carry out the activities to achieve this progress.
His philosophy of PROUT called for economic democracy, which is maintaining human rights, and giving control of the economy to the local level rather than "a handful of leaders [who] misappropiate the political and economic power of the state." He also called for the election of competent, educated, and moral people into public office rather than candidates who rely on money to win an election, a balanced economy by controling industry on the local level, redistributing cultivatable land, and putting money into productive ventures such as railroads. Sakar said that science and technology should be guided by Neo- humanistic principles. He wanted the establishment of a welfare system and fair taxation, social and economice justice, women's rights, and the creation of a world government with a global bill of rights, global constitution, and global justice system. 21
The groups dislike of narrow-mindedness is very apparent in the philosophy of Neo- Humanism, which is the belief that one should extend humanism to love for animals and plants as well as people. This philosophy of Neo-Humanism is carried over into education through Ananda Marga schools , that are located throughout the world, including the United States. 22
Ananda Marga practices Tantra Yoga , and since it is considered a practical science (intuitional science of the mind). Yoga is an important practice in following Ananda Marga. Tantra yoga was founded by Lord Sadashiva who was also the interpretor of the Tantra which is a mystical tradition of Eastern India. Tantra means "liberation through expansion" and so the practice of Tantra yoga is to free one's mind. Tantra yoga the universe is a part of Brahma which is the Supreme Conscious Being. It is said that Brahma is split up into two parts, the Eternal Consciousness (Shiva) and creative power (Shakti). All living things apparently identify with material and mental goods made by Shakti and are not fully connected with Shiva. When one becomes human they can increase their identification with Shiva, the Eternal Consciousness through meditation. By reestablishing equilibrium between Shakti and Shiva, a person can return to a state of Eternal Bliss or the state of Brahma. Brahma can be experienced through Tantra Yoga by exploring and mastering the mind to the point where it realizes its connection with Brahma. Tantra Yoga uses two ways to connect with Brahma. One way is by releasing a person from addictive activities and the other is to practice yoga. Yoga helps a person overcome their addictions and also deepen a person's feeling of connection with Brahma. The end product is the experience of the Eternal Bliss. The correct ways of meditating are taught by Acharyas who give initiation and lessons on yoga as representatives of the Guru (God). 23
Ananda Marga uses the Sixteen Points 24 , created by P.R. Sarkar, which is an important system of spiritual practices, to help guide its followers to maximize their own personal growth. Although few people can actually follow the Sixteen Points perfectly, these practices can help balance the physical, mental, and spiritual parts of human life. Members of Ananda Marga are encouraged to try and follow these points as strictly as possible. Below is a basic outline of the Sixteen Points, provided by "Ananda Marga: Social and Spiritual Practices" edited by Tarak, but it is suggested that they should be learned from a person who has experienced them. The Sixteen Points are split up into two sections and are as follows:
Jaeva Dharma (Maintenance of Existence)
2. Skin
If possible, males should be circumcised. This prevents many diseases and maintains
all-round cleanliness. If not circumcised, males should clean and pull back the
foreskin regularly, so as to prevent the accumulation of urine sediments.
26
3. Joint Hair
Hair under the arms, on the legs and in the pubic area should not be shaved. It grows
naturally to provide a balance in body heat and is important for good health. Joint
hair (armpits and genitals) should be cleaned with soap daily and oiled with coconut
oil.
27
4. Underwear
Males should wear a laungota to protect the genital area, prevent excessive sexual
stimulation and divert the seminal flow. Women should wear bra and underwear to protect
the genital area, prevent excessive sexual stimulation and prevent infections.
28
5. Vya'Paka Shaoca (Half Bath)
This practice is done before meditation, meals, and sleep. To take a half-bath one
systematically cleans certain areas of the body with cool water, the genital area,
knees, calves, feet, elbows, lower arms, mouth, eyes, nose, back of the mouth, throat,
tongue, ears, and back of neck. This is done to prevent build-up of body heat; it
also helps relax the body creating an ideal calm state for meditation.
29
6. Bath
A full bath should be taken at least once a day. Cool water (all water used should be
no higher than body temperature) should be used unless one has a cold. If one does have
a cold, lukewarm water should be used in a closed area. Baths should be taken four times
a day at very specific times, the morning, noon, evening, and midnight. The wet skin
should be dried either by sunlight or light from a white light bulb.
30
7. Food
"It is preferable to eat sentient food rather than mutative food, while static food
should be avoided." The reason for this is that mutative foods contain stimulants and
static foods requires one to kill an animal and is unhealthy for the body. Meals should
be eaten at regular times throughout the day and no more than four meals should be
eaten. Other meal etiquette should be followed such as not eating when one is not
hungry, drinking plenty of water throughout the day, and eating with others rather than
alone.
31
Bha'Gavad Dharma (The Path to Salvation)
8. Upavasa
Members of Ananda Marga should fast the eleventh day after the full or new moon
(Ekadshii), and should not eat food or drink water during this time. A person that is
pregnant or suffers from medical ailments does not need to fast. "Fasting generates
willpower" and "generates empathy with the sufferings of the poor and also of animals
and plants."
32
9. Sa'Dhana'
This word defines the conscious effort that a person takes to achieve the goal of
enlightenment. "An aspirant enters the realm of Sadhana by receiving initiation into the
process of meditation." This initiation is important to the life of a spiritual
seeker as he/she learns about meditation, which is made up of a system of six lessons.
Meditation is taught by an Acarya, or teacher and it should be done twice a day. As well
as meditation, Sadhana is also made up of other spiritual practices.
33
a)
Madhuvidya (also called Guru mautra)
- It is the second lesson in Ananda Marga's system of meditation. It should be
performed before sleeping, eating, meditating, and bathing.
34
b)
Sarva'tmaka Shaoca
- Meaning "all round cleanliness." A person's body, clothes, and environment should
be kept clean. A person should keep their mind clear.
35
c) Tapah - Meaning service. Sarkar outlines four services and one should try and perform all four types of service everyday. 36
1)
Bhuta Yajina
- "Service to the created world." One should be kind to animals, plants, and
inanimate objects.
37
2)
Pitr Yajina
- "Service to ancestors."
38
3)
Nr Yajina
- "Service to humanity." There are four different ways to perform this: physical
labor, giving financial support, physical strength and courage, and using one's
intellectual strength. Paincaseva (five services) should be done daily and can be
accomplished by either distributing free food, selling cheap vegetarian food,
distributing clothing, medical supplies, or books and educational supplies.
39
4) Adhya'tma Yajina - "Spiritual Service." An internal form of service throughout the day and during meditation. 40
d)
Sva'dhya'ya
- To understand spiritual materials fully. By reading Sarkar's books, one is able to
clearly understand what the goal to reach for is. By reading, one is also able to
understand one's own spiritual experiences.
41
e)
Asanas (or Innercises)
- These yoga postures should be done in the presence of an Acarya and done twice a day
(morning and evening).
42
f)
Pashas and Ripus
- Individuals acquire eight pa'shas (bondages) as they interact with the world around
them. These bondages are shame, fear, doubt, hatred, pride of decent, pride of culture,
egoistic feeling, and hypocrisy. There are also six internal bondages, which are
physical desire, anger, greed, attachment, pride, and envy. To control the internal
bondages, Sadhana is used and Yama and Niyama are used to control the societal bondages.
43
g)
Kiirtan
- A spiritual dance that should be done before Sadhana. This dance loosens the body
to help the ease of movement and also helps create a calm state of mind.
44
h)
Pa'incajanya
- Every morning at 5 a.m. one should follow the yoga routine of kiirtan and sadhana.
This is the time when spiritual elevation can be optimized.
45
i) Guru Saka'sha - This means to be near the Guru. At dawn, when one rises, one should think of Guru and do internal service to him. 46
10. Is'ta
- This term defines "the chosen ideal." It is the goal of the Absolute, which is
personalized for us. "No negative remarks against the Guru should be tolerated and
duties given by the Guru should be followed."
47
11. A'darsha
- The term means ideology. "The path by which [a person] move[s] towards [their]
chosen goal. [A person] should not compromise [their] ideology nor allow others to
ridicule it without making an effort to explain [their] position properly and logically.
One should read Baba's books and become competent in the spiritual and social philosophy
of Ananda Marga."
48
12. Conduct Rules
- One should strictly follow the Conduct Rules. These rules help during Sadhana by
helping keep one's ideation. Understanding and following of Yama, Hiyama, the 15
Shiilas (Social Conduct rules), the Supreme Command, the One Point Local (one should not
compromise the sanctity of Is'ta, A'darsha, the Conduct Rules, and Supreme Command) and
the 40 Social Norms will help one maintain mental equilibrium.
49
13. Supreme Command
- This is the "fundamental guidepost for all Margiis to follow." One should follow
the Supreme Command strictly.
50
14. Dharmacakra
- This is the weekly collective meditation sessions. In these sessions, one can be in
the company of the Absolute Entity, or the Lord. "If one misses Dharmacakra, one should
go to the jagriti (house of spiritual awakening) and perform sadhana that day." If
jagriti is also missed, a meal should be missed and given to a needy person.
51
15. Oaths
- Every morning one should think about the oaths that they have taken and make the
conscious effort to put them into practice.
52
16. C.S.D.K - Each letter stands for a practice that will help increase one's knowledge of Ananda Marga as well as reinforce their spirituality.
C. Conduct Rules:
One should know and follow these rules.
S. Seminar:
"One should try to attend all seminars and retreats which are available."
D. Duty:
Any duty that is given by one's acarya or another superior should be done happily.
K. Kiirtan, Tandava, and Kaoshikii: Kiirtan should be danced everyday. Tandava should also be danced by men twice a day and Kaoshikii by women. Tandava should not be done by a woman. 53
Sarkar also called himself the "Leader of the New Renaissance." In 1958 he established Renaissance Universal (RU) . It was created to help raise social awareness of humankind and strives for universal peace. It is believed that art and science should be used for service and self-realization rather than negative uses (i.e.money and creating weapons), that the gap between the rich and the poor should shrink by improving the condition of the lower class, improving education, and promoting unity and cultural diversity. RU accomplishs this by participating in service projects around the world. RU is a global organization and has sectors in about 150 countries around the world. 54
The practices of Ananda Marga are not uncommon to other religions. One such group is the Self-Realization Fellowship. This group is older than Ananda Marga (founded in 1920), but the similarities are apparent. Ananda Marga and the Self-Realization Fellowship both share the philosophy of Self-Realization(that fufillment can be achieved from within) and both also practice yoga and consider it an important practice in their spiritual lives. 55
Proutist Universal Homepage (Home of the
Progressive Utilization Theory)
It contains a comprehensive guide to the study of PROUT (acronym for Progressive
Utilization Theory), which is a socio-economic philosophy followed by Ananda Marga.
http://www.prout.org
AMURT Global Network
This is the homepage for AMURT, which is the service organization that is run through
Ananda Marga. It gives information about the organization, and news about relief efforts
that are occuring around the world. It also provides ways to contact the organization,
which is based in Switzerland.
http://www.amurt.org
U.S. AMURT Homepage
This is the US sector for AMURT, which is the service organization that is run through
Ananda Marga. It gives information about the organization, news about relief efforts
that the organization is doing, and also the rehabilitation and developmental prgrams
that they have set up. It also gives links to AMURTEL (the women's equivalent of AMURT)
and also ways to contact the organization, which is based in Washington D.C., USA.
http://www.amurt.net
Renaissance Universal
The homepage of Renaissance Universal which covers the social, economic, cultural,
scientific, and spiritual trends that need to take place for a healthy well-knit society
to be formed. This page highlights news articles that are covered in its news magazine
"New Renaissance."
http://www.ru.org
Homepage of Abhidhyan Yoga Institute,
Inc.
This is the homepage for Abhidhyan Yoga Institute. It gives the definition of Tantra
Yoga and how it is done. It gives links to a teaching page, a basic training page, and
advice for beginners. It includes articles that you can read, and also a link to search
the archives. It's good to get an idea of the spiritual teachings that are influenced by
Tantra Yoga.
http://www.abhidhyan.org/
The Ananda Marga River School
This is a site for the Ananda Marga River School. In this school, as well as other
Ananda Marga Schools, Neo-Humanism (explained in the sections on the history and beliefs
of Ananda Marga) is the guiding philosophy.
http://www.suncoast.com.au/Maleny/AnandaMargaRiverSchool/aims.html
Let Us Reason
Ministries
This is a Christian web site that is trying to denounce Tantra yoga, which is what
Sakar based Ananda Marga on. It gives insight into what the opposition to Ananda Marga
and yoga think.
http://www.letusreason.org/NAM1.htm
1.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p78.
2.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p7.
3.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p7.
4.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
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5.
http://www.anandamarga.org/books/index.html
6.
Bowler, John.
Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.62.
7.
http://www.anandamarga.org/- click on "BRIEF STORY" paragraph five.
8.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p6&10.
9.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
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11.
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12.
Vijayananda, Acarya.
The Life and Teachings of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p81-83.
13.
http://www.anandamarga.org/- click on "BRIEF STORY" paragraph two.
14.
Ananda Marga
Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
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15.
Ananda Marga
Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
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16.
Bowler, John.
Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
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The Encyclopedia of American Religions
. Wilmington, N.C.: McGrath Publishing Co., p381.
17.
Ananda Marga
Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications., p7.
18.
Ananda Marga
Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
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http://www.amurt.org/development.html, and http://www.amurt.org/disaster.html.
19.
http://www.amurt.org/Women.html,
http://home1.pacific.net.sg/~rucira/amurtel/relief.html,
http://home1.pacific.net.sg/~rucira/amurtel/children.html, and
http://home1.pacific.net.sg/~rucira/amurtel/women.html.
20.
http://www.anandamarga.org/- click on "BRIEF STORY"
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Ananda Marga
Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
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Shrii P.R. Sarkar and His Mission
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23.
http://www.abhidhyan.org/Teachings/Tantra_Yoga_Tradition.htm.
24.
Edited by Tarak.
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Created by
Angela An
For Soc 257, New Religious Movements
University of Virginia
Spring Term, 2000
Last modified: 07/17/01