I. Group Profile

1. Name: International Society for Krishna Consciousness/Hare Krishna

2. Founder: A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada.

3. Date of Birth: 1896

4. Date of Death: November 14, 1977

5. Birth Place: Calcutta, India

6. Year Founded: July, 1966

7. Sacred or Revered Texts: Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita, Bhagavad-Gita As It Is, Srimad-Bhagavatam, Caitanya-caritamrta, Krsna

8. Cult or Sect: Negative sentiments are typically implied when the concepts "cult" and "sect" are employed in popular discourse. Since the Religious Movements Homepage seeks to promote religious tolerance and appreciation of the positive benefits of pluralism and religious diversity in human cultures, we encourage the use of alternative concepts that do not carry implicit negative stereotypes. For a more detailed discussion of both scholarly and popular usage of the concepts "cult" and "sect," please visit our Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect" page, where you will find additional links to related issues.

9. Size of Group: Exact numbers of ISKCON devotees are not available. In 1998, Burke Rochford published data from the Prabhupada Centennial Survey in the ISKCON journal. One thousand, nine hundred, ninety-six devotees from 53 countries responded; however, the number of devotees is not representative of the total number of ISKCON members ¹ . Currently ISKCON is working on updating the "Prabhupada disciple database," a complete listing of members. ²

II. History

On September 1, 1896, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada was born Abhay Charan De in Calcutta India ³ . At 26 years old in Calcutta, Prabhupada met his guru, Srila Bhakti Siddhanta Sarasvati, a prominent religious scholar and the founder of sixty-four Gaudiya Mathas (vedic scriptures) ⁴ . In 1933 at Allahabad, Prabhupada was formally initiated as a disciple. Prabhupada was encouraged by his guru to dedicate his life to teaching the Vedic knowledge in English. Back to Godhead magazine was founded by Prabhupada in 1944. At first, Prabhupada singlehandedly edited, typed, checked, and distributed the magazine ⁵ . In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaisnaya Society honored him with the title "Bhaktivedanta." In 1950 at 54 years of age, Prabhupada adopted the vanaprastha or retired order from married life ⁶ . In 1959, Prabhupada renounced the order of life and adopted the sannyasa ⁷ . In 1962, Prabhupada decided to begin translation to English of the Srimad- Bhagavatam, in his opinion, the most important and informative Vedic scripture ⁸ . After completing the first volume, a follower of Prabhupada paid an advance to the publisher, Dalmia Trust, for printing of eleven hundred copies. The printer agreed to give Prabhupada one hundred copies to be distributed for donations which would pay for more books and more volumes ⁹ .

In 1965, at seventy years of age, Prabhupada convinced a wealthy supporter to pay his passage to America ¹⁰ . Prabhupada came to America with only a few hundred copies of the three completed volumes of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, a few rupees, and the clothing on his back ¹¹ . He settled briefly in the east side of New York City. While in New York, Prabhupada held the first outdoors chanting session outside India in Tompkins Square Park ¹² . In July 1966, Prabhupada established the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ¹³ . After that in 1967, Prabhupada moved to San Francisco in the Haight Ashbury district ¹⁴ . While in San Francisco, Prabhupada gained many devotees from the youth counter- culture. The Krishnas gained notoriety when Beatle George Harrison, members of the Grateful Dead, and poet Allen Ginsberg became involved in the movement.

In 1968, Prabhupada created New Vrindaban, West Virginia ¹⁵ . Eleven other ISKCON communal farm communities were created in the United States in which "simple living and high thinking" could be lived ¹⁶ . During his life, Prabhupada also inspired the construction of fifty ISKCON centers in the United States and over one hundred large international centers ¹⁷ .

On July 28, 1970, Prabhupada organized the Governing Board Commission(GBC) to administer the movement ¹⁸ . Twelve disciples were chosen to administer to twelve regions of the world. Later, Prabhupada expanded the Governing Board Commission to twenty-four advanced devotees who meet annually at ISKCON headquarters in India ¹⁹ . In 1972, Prabhupada established the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ²⁰ . That same year in Dallas, Texas, Prabhupada began the first Gurukula school in which children were taught in the vedic system of primary and secondary education ²¹ . On November 14, 1977, Prabhupada died in India ²² .

The ISKCON movement has continued to grow and evolve through the work of the GBC, individual gurus, and devotees. Today, most ISKCON members practice Krishna consciousness in their homes or at temples; however, they live and work in the general community ²³ . The future of ISKCON is directed by the GBC who are elected every year. The GBC decides and executes ISKCON's major strategies and guidelines by democratic voting and in consultation with devotees ²⁴ .

There are currently hundreds of ISKCON temples with locations in every inhabited continent and in most countries throughout the world ²⁵ . In North America alone, there are 52 temples or rural communities ²⁶ . Although, ISKCON has experienced membership declines in certain areas of the world, ISKCON has created a widespread base of devotees through missionary and charity work.

II. Beliefs of the Group

ISKCON's theology comes from the Bengali Gaudiya-Vaisnaya tradition of Hinduism in India that dates back to the eleventh or twelfth century ²⁷ . Prabhupada is seen to be one of a lineage or guru-parampara of spiritual masters dating to Sri Caitanya (1485-1533), whom it regards as an incarnation of the supreme lord and god Krishna ²⁸ . Caitanya spread the use of the holy name or mantra as a method to enable anyone to become Krishna conscious ²⁹ .

Krishna is the name supreme or "all-attractive" (aka Rama, "the highest eternal pleasure"). Hare is a call to Krishna's divine energy ³⁰ . A mantra is a chant or vibration of sound used by Krishnas to free their minds. The Krishna chant is as follows: Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare . Chanting the mantra allows the Krishna consciousness to bring out the natural, pure state of the mind.

The Krishnas believe that truth is found in the scriptures (Bible, Koran, Torah) of a number of major religions; however, the Vedic texts, the oldest of all known scriptures, are the literal record of God's word ³¹ . Krishnas believe that Krishna consciousness is inside all people because each individual has a soul ³² . Because of physical pleasures and the spiritual debasement of the world, people are unaware of the true happiness that they can find through Krishna consciousness.

Because we are our souls and not our bodies, physical pleasures can cloud our minds and keep us from achieving Krishna consciousness. These physical pleasures, the eating of fish, meat or eggs, the use of intoxicants, illicit sex, and gambling and frivoulous sports, are called the four regulative principles ³³ . Because of the rejection of these pleasures, Krishnas practice a strict vegetarian lifestyle ³⁴ .

Hare Krishnas believe in the samsara or an eternal cycle of reincarnation. In one's subsequent births, one inherits karma (positive or negative consequences) from the religious works or dharma one has or has not performed ³⁵ . The goal of one's life is to break away from the endless repetitive reincarnations and achieve mukti , liberation, and return to the original and natural state of Krishna Consciousness ³⁶ . The only way to achieve mukti is through bhakti , a state of active worship, service, and devotion of the deity ³⁷ . There are nine ways to achieve bhakti. There are nine processes of devotional service expounded as hearing the name and glories of the Supreme Personality of Godhead (sravana), chanting His glories ( kirtana ), remembering the Lord ( smarana ), serving the Lord's feet ( paricarya ), worshiping the Deity ( arcana ), offering obeisances unto the Lord ( vandana ), acting as the Lord's servant ( dasya ), making friends with the Lord ( sakhya ) and surrendering oneself fully to the Lord ( atmanivedana ).

Most fully initiated devotees of Krishna consciousness, live in Krishna temples and adopt a major transformation in appearance and dress ³⁸ . Male devotees shave their heads except for a small tuft of hair at the back of the head called a sikha . Both sexes wear holy markings ( tilaka ) on their twelve locations on their body ³⁹ . Men wear Indian style lower robes called dhotis with long, loose shirts called kurta ⁴⁰ . Women wear Indian style garments called saris ⁴¹ . All wear small tulasi beads and a sack with a string of one hundred eight japa beads around their necks ⁴² . Each devotee must complete sixteen rounds on the japa beads everyday with one rotation of one hundred and eight beads constituting one round ⁴³ .

Although the daily routines of devotees and Krishna temples varies somewhat due to the nature of the work performed, most temples have similar schedules ⁴⁴ . Most devotees rise around 4AM. Devotees chant, perform religious ceremonies, and worship for a couple of hours ⁴⁵ . After breakfast devotees perform duties in their communities and their temple for approximately three to four hours ⁴⁶ . Following lunch, devotees perform sinkirtana (group chanting in public places), have class about the Vedic tests, and perform an arati ceremony ⁴⁷ . Most devotees go to bed around 9PM.

IV. Issues and Controversies

The International Society for Krishna Consciousness has been involved in a number of controversies and lawsuits in the United States and throughout the world. Lawsuits have been brought both against ISKCON and by ISKCON.

On June 22, 1981, the Supreme Court decided the case of Heffron, the secretary and manager of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society, v. ISKCON ⁴⁸ . Minnesota State Agricultural Society operates the Minnesota state fair. They have a rule mandating that all groups or persons wishing to sell or distribute materials must have a license and do so from a fixed location ⁴⁹ . However, groups may verbally communicate their message throughout the fair. ISKCON alleged that the mandate violated their First Amendment rights because it suppressed the practice of Sankirtan, a religious ritual that enjoins its members to go into public places to distribute or sell religious literature and to solicit donations for the support of the Krishna religion ⁵⁰ .

The Supreme Court decided that the restriction of ISKCON to a fixed location was a valid provision in light of the circumstances of the number of people and space restrictions ⁵¹ . Furthermore, because the regulation applied to all organizations, ISKCON must follow rule 6.05 ⁵² . This decision drastically circumscribed the locations in which ISKCON could distribute materials. Furthermore, Heffron vs. ISKCON subjected ISKCON to licensing for the sale and distribution of religious materials.

In 1983, former member of ISKCON, Robin George, filed suit against ISKCON for allegedly "brainwashing" her ⁵³ . Despite lack of evidence for the "brainwashing" theory and lack of validation of Dr. Margaret Thaler Singer's "expertise" on brainwashing, George initially was awarded $32.5 million by the jury; however, the judge cut the amount to $9.7 million ⁵⁴ . Appeals court reduced the amount awarded to $3 million in 1987 and the Supreme Court further reduced the damages to $75,000 for wrongful death ⁵⁵ .

On June 26, 1992, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of ISKCON, Inc. versus Walter Lee ⁵⁶ . The International Society for Krishna Consciousness brought suit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against a ban on solicitation at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ⁵⁷ . They alleged that the regulation deprived them of their First Amendment rights ⁵⁸ .

The Supreme Court decided that an airport terminal operated by a public authority is a nonpublic forum, and thus a solicitation ban need only satisfy a reasonableness standard ⁵⁹ . The Court found that the Port Authority's ban on solicitation was reasonable because solicitation may have a disruptive effect on business ⁶⁰ .

The Supreme Court's decision dealt a major blow to the financial operations of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness since their primary financial base was literature distribution and solicitation in shopping malls, airports, and national parks ⁶¹ .

The most devastating situation for ISKCON has been the substantiation of claims of abuse of children of ISKCON by members of ISKCON. In July 1998, the ISKCON movement voluntarily published two articles, one by Burke Rochford, an outside scholar, and one by Bharata Shrestha dasa, an ISKCON member, about the child abuse in the ISKCON movement ⁶² .

ISKCON children lived in ashrams (group school houses) with children of similar age and sex ⁶³ . The ashrams were developed to enable parents to participate in sankirtan ⁶⁴ . The children were often enrolled as early as three or four and parental involvement was discouraged ⁶⁵ . Several of ISKCON's schools experienced relatively high levels of child abuse (for example, India, Dallas, Seattle, New Vrindaban), whereas others experienced considerably less (for example, Bhaktivedanta Village, California; New Talavan, Mississippi) ⁶⁶ .

The virtual collapse of gurukulas (boarding schools) in the United States has all but eliminated abuse of children ⁶⁷ . The last two regionally based ashram-gurukulas closed in North America by 1986 ⁶⁸ . Now, ISKCON schools are almost exclusively day-schools.

In 1990 at the annual ISKCON Governing Board Committee (GBC) meetings held in Mayapur, India, Resolution 119 was passed ⁶⁹ . It resolved how to investigate instances of abuse in the gurukulas (ISKCON schools) ⁷⁰ . However, the resolution does not address the problem of prevention.

In the early 1990s, there were two cases of abuse in the Chicago area. The temple president followed the Resolutions, the suspects were removed from their ISKCON positions, and eventually convicted by local authorities ⁷¹ .

An increased impetus for change came in May 1996, at the North American GBC meeting in Alachua, Florida ⁷² . A group of former gurukula pupils were invited to speak and their stories brought the entire audience of ISKCON members to tears. Less than a year after the May 1996 testimonies, the GBC had enacted a proposal put forward by the ISKCON Communications team in Europe which proposed that the GBC Task Force be created to deal not only with future cases of abuse and also to address past cases ⁷³ . That Task Force presented its findings at the annual Mayapur GBC meetings in early 1998 and new GBC Resolutions 98-305 were enacted ⁷⁴ . ISKCON sought to deal with the child abuse issues on its own initiative without government intervention. The new Child Protection Policy outlines acceptable standards of behavior for those in contact with children, sets up a review panel to investigate and, if necessary, reopen past cases, sets up a tribunal court system to hear cases, creates a permanent Child Protection Office, and, perhaps most importantly, funds the office, the judges, and at least partial costs of victim rehabilitative therapy ⁷⁵ .

On June 12, 2000, a federal lawsuit filed in Dallas on behalf of forty-four "Children of ISKCON" alleged physical, emotional, and sexual abuse at the gurukulas or boarding schools. The plaintiffs sought $400,000,000 ⁷⁶ . The suit alleged that the abuse ranged in time from 1971 to 1990 and named all foundations, estates, and businesses of ISKCON as defendants ⁷⁷ . The suit also alleged that Prabhupada had known about the abuse since 1972, yet continued to allow the offenders to be in positions of authority over children ⁷⁸ . According to a Krishna spokeswoman, the size of the lawsuit is larger than the combined assets of all the Krishna temples and communities throughout the world ⁷⁹ .

ISKCON maintains that although child abuse occurred in the movement, ISKCON does not condone child abuse ⁸⁰ . Furthermore, child abuse is antithetical to the principles of ISKCON ⁸¹ . Moreover, the ISKCON Governing Board Commission has created policies to prevent abuse and provide counseling and financial contributions to past victims ⁸² . The outcome of the lawsuit remains to be seen.

IV. Links to International Society of Krishna Consciousness Web Sites

Pro-ISKCON Websites

The Official ISKCON Site
This site is listed as the Official ISKCON site. This site states that it tries to provide a source of unbiased news about Krishna happenings.
http://www.iskcon.com/

The ISKCON Communications Journal homepage
This site is the homepage of the ISKCON Communications Journal with links to issues from 1994 to the present. The Journal contains scholarly articles, responses to prior issues, book reviews, and conference reports.
http://www.iskcon.com/ICJ/icj.htm

The ISKCON International homepage
The ISKCON International homepage is a site with loads of information, links, and appealing graphics. For ease of use and most information, this site is definitely the best. This site has a searchable directory of all ISKCON establishments including dayschools, temples, communities, farms, etc.
http://www.iskcon.org

The Hare Krishna Homepage
Established by the The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, this site has information on all of the books of his divine grace, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada with a catalog for online ordering and/or a free catalog of assorted Krishna publications and meditation stuff.
http://www.harekrishna.com

Back To Godhead -- the magazine of the Hare Krishna movement.
This is the website of the magazine Back to Godhead founded by his divine grace, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, in 1944 to bring Krishna consciousness to the English speaking world. The website has links to various previous and current articles of the Back to Godhead magazine. This site also contains information on Krishna links and subscribing to Back to Godhead magazine.
http://www.krsna.com

Champions of Krishna's Army
This site contains a wide variety of Krishna related news stories as well as world news stories. For current Krishna events and controversies, this is probably the best source.
http://www.chakra.org

Hare Krishna Temple Online - Learn the science of Bhakti Yoga
This site gives links to a variety of Krishna related topics in a variety of categories as well as temples located throughout the world.
http://www.harekrishnatemple.com

OCRT on ISKCON
This site is a pretty comprehensive website with information about ISKCON history, beliefs, and recent developments.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/hare.htm

Bhagavad Gita As It Is Original by Prabhupada.
This is an easily searchable and accessible copy of the Bhagavad-Gita As It Is by his divine grace, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Also, this site contains an art gallery and search engine.
http://http://www.asitis.com

Krsna Original by Prabhupada.
This is an easily searchable and accessible copy of the Krsna by his divine grace, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (with a forward by George Harrison). Also, this site contains translation capabilities in German, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portugese, and Spanish. This site also contains a search engine.
http://http://www.krsnabook.com

The Bhaktivedanta Vedabase
This is a database site for the purchase and update of the electronic library of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's writings and talks. Also contains links to ISKCON websites.
http://www.vedabase.com

The Bhaktivedanta Archives
This site contains the sanskrit, translation, and purported meanings of the Bhagavad- Gita. Also contains articles from the Archival Spirit, a newsletter of the Bhaktivedanta archives.
http://www.prabhupada.com/

Other ISKCON Related Websites

The Web's first and finest Krishna store.
This is a scholarly site with information about ISKCON history, beliefs, and recent developments.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/hare.htm

The Web's first and finest Krishna store.
This site contains books, journals, articles, etc. about the Hare Krishna movement. The site declares itself the most comprehensive source on the web; however, it is currently under construction and online orders can't be taken.
http://www.krishnadirect.com

Hare Krishna World Publication Website.
This site is a website for the Hare Krishna World Publication. It contains pictures, articles, and links to current events in India and the United States. Much more personal and people orientated website with plenty of graphics and information about entertainment and artistry within Krishna communities.
http://www.hkw.iskcon.net

Krishna's Internet radio station.
This is the site of Krishna's internet radio station. Here you can listen to hundreds of online lectures, music and bhajans by ISKCON's finest through the use of the free RealAudio player. Also offers information on how to Play the Mridanga.
http://www.chantandbehappy.com

ISKCON website business
Based out of Seattle, this site lists as its goal to enable Krishna temples around the world to create websites where their message can be spread. This site also contains background information on the International Society of Krishna Consciousness.
http://www.iskcon.net

Hare Krsna Controversies.
A presentation of siddhanta (conclusions according to scripture) on recentcontroversial subjects in Gaudiya Vaishnavism (Hare Krsna).
http://www.gosai.com/siddhanta/controversy/index.html

Anti-ISKCON Websites

AFF Cult Group Resources
This is a counter-cult page about the Hare Krishnas with links to articles from the Cult Observer Journal about the Hare Krishnas.
http://www.csj.org/infoserv_groups/grp_eastern/iskcon/grpindex_harekrishna.htm

Rick Ross: Krishna
This is a counter-cult page run by Rick Ross about the Hare Krishnas with links to articles.
http://www.rickross.com/groups/krishna.html

Betrayal of the Spirit
This is an anti-ISKCON page by Nori Muster author of the book "Betrayal of the Spirit" about her own involvement in ISKCON.
http://www.surrealist.org/betrayalofthespirit/

The Watchman Expositor.
An ISKCON overview from a counter-cult Christian religious organization.
http://www.watchman.org/profile/iskconpro.htm

ISKCON Legal Issues Websites

NY Port Authority vs. Hare Krishnas.
This is a brief summary of the case decided by the Supreme Court on June 26, 1992.
http://209.213.106.40/gma/legal/details.cfm/1005

Children of ISKCON vs. ISKCON.
This is a transcript of the case made for the plaintiffs, the "Children of ISKCON," by their lawyer Windle Turley.
http://mitglied.tripod.de/gbc/themes/turley-case.htm

Hare Krishnas respond to lawsuit.
This is the Hare Krishna's media release response to the suit filed by the Turley attorneys against ISKCON.
http://www.iskcon.com/release.htm

VOICE: Violations of ISKCON Children Exposed.
This is a site run by the Children of ISKCON who filed the lawsuit. It purports to tell the truth of the state of affairs in gurukulas.
http://ccrgroup.com/voice/

IV. Bibliography

Bromley, David G. and Larry D. Shinn, eds. 1989.

Krishna Consciousness in the West. Lewisburg, OH: Bucknell University Press.

Brooks, Charles R. 1989.

The Hare Krishnas in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Cooper, Kenneth J. 1998.


"Lip-Syncing Robots Spread the Hare Krishna Word."

The Washington Post 13 April: A18.

Daner, Francine Jeanne. 1976.

The American Children of Krsna: A Study of the Hare Krishna Movement." New York: Holt Rinehart, and Winston.

Felsenthal, Edward. 1996.


"Legal Beat: Krishnas win appeal."

Wall Street Journal 20 December: Sect. B, Col. 6, 8.

Ferrell, David. 1990.


"A Tale of Murder Among the Hare Krishnas."

Los Angeles Times 28 October: Sect. B, Col. 2, 1.

Goodstein, Laurie. 1998.


"Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools."

New York Times 9 October: Sect. A, Col. 5, 1.

Gosvami, Satsvarupa Dasa. 1980.

Srila Prabhupada-lilarmta: a biography of His Divine Grace A.C. Vhaktivedanta Sqami Prabhupada. Los Angeles: Bkativedanta Book Trust.

Greene, Donna. 1993


"An inside look at the Hare Krishnas."

New York Times 28 November: Sect. WC, Col. 1, 3.

"Hare Krishna Fight Judgement."

Washington Post 10 March 1990: Sec. B, Col. 2, 6.

Melton, J. Gordon.

Encyclopedia of American Religions. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 920-921.

Muster, Nori Jean. 1997.

Betrayal of the spirit: my life behind the headlines of the Hare Krishna movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Niebuhr, R. Gustav. 1992.


"Legal Beat: Diverse Religions ALly in Free-Speech Case."

Wall Street Journal 11 June: Sec. B, Col. 3, 2.

Niebuhr, R. Gustav. 1996.


"Hare Krishnas at 30:Real Changes or Just P.R.?"

New York Times 11 May.

Rochford, E. Burke Jr. 1985.

Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Rochford, E. Burke Jr. with Jennifer Heinlein. 1998.

"Child Abuse in the Hare Krishna Movement: 1971-1986." in ISKCON Communications Journal (online) (June). Available on line.

Rochford, E Burke Jr. 1998.

"Reaction of Hare Krishna Devotees to Scandals of Leaders' Misconduct." in Wolves Within the Fold: Religious Leadership and Abuses of Power . Anson Shupe, Ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 101-1170.

Rosen, Steven. 1992.

Passage from India: the life and times of his divine grave A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's summary study of Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

Shresthra dasa, Bharata.


"ISKCON's Response to child Abuse: 1990-1998."

ISKCON Communications Journal (online) June 1998.

Shinn, Larry D. 1987.

The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.

Weiss, Arnold S. 1987.


"Psychological Distress and well-being among the Hare Krishnas."

Psychological Reports August: v. 61, 23-25.

Yanoff, Morris. 1981.

Where is Joey?: Lost among the Hare Krishnas. Chicago: Swallow Press.

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82. Hare Krishnas Respond to Lawsuit http://www.iskcon.com/release.htm
    

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    Created by Corrie Johnston
    For Soc 257: New Religious Movements
    Fall Term, 2000
    University of Virginia
    Last modified: 07/19/01
    An earlier version of this page created by Sharon Lawrence is archived here