International Society for Krishna Consciousness;
Hare Krishnas

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    I. Group Profile

    1. Name: International Society for Krishna Consciousness; ISKCON; Hare Krishnas

    2. Founder: His Divine Grace, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada.

    3. Dates of Birth and Death: 1896-1977

    4. Birth Place: Calcutta, India

    5. Year Founded: July 1966

    6. Brief History

      Srila Prabhupada's spiritual master, Bhaktisiddhanta Saravati Gosvami, convinced him to dedicate his life to Vedic knowledge. Srila Prabhupada began publication of a magazine, Back to Godhead, along with his many other writing and teaching pursuits. He retired from married life in order to fully devote his time to his other practices. Eventually after years of study and teaching in India, he came to the United States. He gathered followers and through his lectures and outdoor chanting sessions, he founded The International Society for Krishna Consciousness on July 1966 as a continuation of the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaishnava Sampradaya. He wanted his teachings to circled the globe, so he traveled extensively to spread his religion.

    7. Sacred or Revered Texts: Vedas, Bhagavada Gita, and all of the several books that Srila Prabhupada wrote including Bhagavad-gita As It Is

    8. Cult or Sect:

      The goals of the Religious Movements Homepage are to (1) provide resources for objective understanding, (2) encourage appreciation of religious diversity, and (3) promote religious tolerance. The opportunity to pursue these goals is diminished when the language employed in public discourse silently carries highly negative presuppositions. For more information see the current edition of this page.

    9. Size of Group: 3,000 core members; 250,000 lay constituents in United States; 8,000 members worldwide


    II. Beliefs of the Group

      The key belief of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness is that Krishna is the supreme or "all-attractive" (aka Rama, "the highest eternal pleasure"). When the Krishna chant mantra, is recited, it is a way of putting oneself in harmony with Krishna or in the natural state. The mantra is the repetition of God's names.

      Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare
      Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare

      Another core belief of Hare Krishnas is reincarnation. They believe that you and your body are different. They view death as a transition, not an end. How one acts in a current life will determine whether one moves up or down or out of the cycle completely. The goal is to break away from the endless repetitive reincarnations, called samsara, and return to the kingdom of God. This can only be accomplished by sankirtana, congressional singing of God's names, leading to Krishna Consciousness. Hell is a temporary destination for people who have sinned greatly on earth.

      There are "Nine Processes of Devotional Service." These include the following:

      • hearing about God
      • chanting God's names
      • remembering God by associating with devotees and reading
      • in the temple, serving the Lord Krishna
      • worshipping God by bringing others to see him, decorating the Lord, and food preparation
      • praying to God
      • encouraging other people to chant God's names
      • develop a personal, intimate relationship with God
      • giving everything to God, including our bodies

      Another of their core beliefs is the rejection of the four pillars of sinful life>. These include meat-eating, intoxication, illicit sex, and gambling. The so-called pleasure that they offer is not real pleasure at all. Since ISKCON is so strongly opposed to meat eating, they practice a strict vegetarian lifestyle.

      Hare Krishnas are a sectarian movement of Hinduism which was founded in the United States by Srila Prabhupada. There are several distinguishing features of ISKCON that differentiate it from traditional Hindu beliefs. Hare Krishnas believe that Krishna is the supreme lord, whereas Hinduism believes Krishna is the 8th reincarnation of Vishnu.

      ISKCON emphasizes bhakti, which is the way of devotion. Jesus Christ is viewed as a direct representative of Krishna in ISKCON, but Hinduism does not recognize him. For Hare Krishnas, a spiritual master is needed for devotees and this master must be in succession from guru Caitanya. Food is prepared for and offered to God and is then eaten as an act of communion and purifies the body of the devotee.

      ISKCON is a very demanding faith that requires much devotion and time.

    III. Contemporary Issues and Controversies

      One of the most important cases in recent times for the Hare Krishnas was George v. ISKCON. George, an ex-member, sued ISKCON for, among other things, brainwashing her. The original court granted George $32.5 million, which would have bankrupted the Krishnas and left them unable to practice their religion. After several appeals the court dismissed the claims that she was brainwashed and diminished her monetary award to $75,000 for the charge of wrongful death.

      In an important decision on June 26, 1992, in the case of ISKCON v. Lee the Supreme Court decided that they would no longer be able to solicit money in airports. ISKCON felt that airports were public areas and that their first amendment rights protected them but the court decided that the airports were not public and therefore the Hare Krishnas could not ask for donations there.

      ISKCON has gotten a bad reputation throughout the years. However, this organization does not always live up to their reputation. In Grozny, Russia in December of 1995, members were feeding the starving people in this land while fighting surrounded them. The people of the town swear that the Hare Krishnas are saints due to their kindness.

      On August 28, 1996, in Martinsburg, West Virginia, a former ISKCON leader, Kirtanananda Swami Bhaktipada, was convicted for racketeering. He was sentenced to 20 years and fined $250,000. The branch Bhaktipada headed was expelled from ISKCON in 1987.


    IV. Links to ISKCON Web Sites

      Hare Krishna - The Complete Picture - Official ISKCON Homepage>
      ISKCON has encouraged its members to create web sites and they have responded with what appears to be hundreds of attractive pages. This official ISKCON homepage is your best starting point for exploring Krishna resources on line. More than a dozen golden graphics invite you to go exploring the Krishna network. Each provides lots of links to ISKCON resources. We found the Resources and the HK Index particularly useful.
      http://www.iskcon.org

      ISKCON Communications Journal>
      ISKCON Communications Journal, a scholarly publication of ISKCON, was initiated in 1994. They currently have the complete contents of most of the issues on line. In additiona to articles by members, their regularly publish articles by scholars. This is a rich source of material for those who wish to seriously study this "new" religion. For even more extensive resources about ISKCON, including links to many other Krishna site, go to the home page of ISKCON.com.
      http://www.iskcon.com/ICJ/icj.htm

      What Is ISKCON?
      This section of the ISKCON.com page provide a succinct presentation of the beliefs, practices, history, and organization of this religious movement.
      http://www.iskcon.com/ISKCON/iskcon.htm

      BBC Hare Krishna Homepage
      Bhaktivedanta Book Trust is the publishing house of ISKCON. This is their home page. It provides links to all of their publications (including both books and magazines), and also a large array of other materials including teaching of the faith, information about the founder, Krishna art,links to ISKCON centers around the country, news and other valuable resources are available.
      http://www.webcom.com/ara/

      Hare Krishna Experience
      This Canadian page is equipped with amazing graphics and includes many links. It also has a mission statement and a place to send your comments. This page is a must see!
      http://swami.simplenet.com/hkexperience/index.html

      Hare Krishna WWW Resources
      This is a very interesting site. It includes video clips of Srila Prabhupada and other devotional videos which can be downloaded for free or ordered from the page. A video catalog can be ordered in addition. It includes great pictures and some cool links.
      http://www.com.org/itv/video.html

      The Bhagavad Gita As It Is
      The Bhagavad Gita is the most sacred text for Krishnas and many other Hindu groups. This is the complete English translation along with commentary by Srila Prabhupada.
      http://www.krsna.com/gita/toc.html

      Hare Krishna & ISKCON Homepage by OCRT
      This site maintained by the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance contains a brief summation of ISKCON beliefs and practice.
      http://www.religioustolerance.org/hare.htm


    V. Bibliography

      Books:

      Bromley, David G. and Larry D. Shinn, eds. , 1989.
      Krishna Consciousness in the West. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.

      Daner, Francine Jeanne. 1976.
      The American Children of Krsna, A Study of the Hare Krishna Movement. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,

      Melton, J. Gordon. 1996.
      Encyclopedia of American Religions. Detroit: Gale Research Co, pp. 920-921.

      Palmer, Susan J. and Charlotte E. Hardman (eds). 1999.
      Children in New Religions. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. (Volume contains chapter on Hare Krishna children).

      Rochford, Jr., E. Burke. 1985. Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

      Shinn, Larry D. , 1987.
      The Dark Lord, Cult Images and the Hare Krishnas in America. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987.

      Articles:

      Goswami, Tamal Krishna. 1997.
      "The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity In the Hare Krishna Movement Part I." ISKCON Communications Journal. v. 7 (June); Part II.

      Mehra, Achal. 1984.
      "ISKCON Court Decisions: Setback for Proselytizing Rights." Journalism Quarterly61 (Spring ): 109-116.

      Selengut, Charles. 1988.
      "American Jewish Converts to New Religious Movements." Jewish Journal of Sociology v.30 no.2 (Dec): 95-109.

      Richardson, James T. 1991. "Cult/Brainwashing Cases and Freedom of Religion."
      Journal of Church and State 33 (Winter 1991): 55-74.

      Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 1989.
      "Factionalism, Group Defection, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion v.28 (June): 162-179.

      Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 1998
      "Child Abuse in the Hare Krishna Movement: 1971-1986" ISKCON Communications Journal v.6 (June): 43-69; "ISKCON's Response to Child Abuse: 1990-1998" by Rharata Shrestha Das, ISKCON Communications Journal, 71-79.

      Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 1999.
      "Prabhupada Centennial Survey: A Summary of the Final Report" ISKCON Communications Journal v.7 (June).

      Wallis, Roy. and Steve. Bruce., 1982.
      "Network and Clockwork." Sociology 16(1): 102-107.

      Weiss, Arnold S. and Richard H. Mendoza. 1990.
      "Effects of Acculturation into the Hare Krishna Movement on Mental Health and Personality." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 29 (June): 173-184. (See New York Times article below by Laurie Goodstein)

      Zaidman, Nurit. 1997.
      "When the Dieties are Asleep: Process of Change in an American Harie Krishna Temple." Journal of Contemporary Religion. 12/3:335-352 (October).

      News Coverage:

      Cooper, Kenneth J. 1998.
      "Lip-Syncing Robots Spread the Hare Krishna Word," Washington Post 13 April: A18. 0

      Goodstein, Laurie. 1998.
      "Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools" New York Times. 9 October: A1.

      Lichtblau, Eric and Matt Lait. 1992.
      "Court Orders Retrial of O. C. Krishna Case." Los Angeles Times 31 January: A1.

      New York Times, 1996.
      "Ex-Hare Krishna Leader Gets 20 Year Sentence," New York Times 29 August: A23.

      Spector, Michael. 1995.
      "Grozny Journal: Krishnas Cast Bread on Roiling Waters in Russia." New York Times 12 December.


    Contact Information:

    International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
    c/o ISKCON International Ministry of Public Affairs
    1030 Grand Ave.
    San Diego, CA 92109


    Created by Sharon Lawrence
    For Soc 257: New Religious Movements
    Spring Term, 1997
    Last updated: 10/07/00
    All external links have been removed from this page.